Writing a Sample of Historiographical Essay

<h1>Writing a Sample of Historiographical Essay</h1><p>If you are searching for a history composing test, why not utilize an example of historiographical article? This sort of article is intended to give a fast prologue to a point and a progressively definite form can be discovered on the web. So in case you're searching for the most essential diagram of how history functions, this could be an extraordinary method to get started.</p><p></p><p>It's consistently a smart thought to record an arrangement first. The arrangement will permit you to make a solid course of events for your history composing task. By doing this, you'll have a superior comprehension of what you have to do from beginning to end to get your history task finished. In addition, by observing a timetable on paper, you'll have the option to see where you remain anytime in time.</p><p></p><p>The first plan to consider is the subject. Along these lines, a considerable lot of the subjects that students of history expound on include significant occasions and change the world here and there. And keeping in mind that it might appear to be an exceptionally wide subject, you can even now separate it into littler ideas.</p><p></p><p>The second thought is to choose which data or thoughts you need to remember for your composition. For instance, in the event that you were attempting to comprehend the historical backdrop of bondage, you should incorporate some verifiable data just as late anecdotes about the subject. Obviously, you likewise need to incorporate other significant data and thoughts, for example, how subjugation is seen now. So picking a theme doesn't mean you need to stay with the subject at all costs.</p><p></p><p>Once you have a smart thought of the point, it's a great opportunity to compose your layout. To do this, you have to choose what sort of material you have to remember for your exposition. What amount of data and thoughts would you be able to fit into only one page? What amount of data and thoughts would it be advisable for you to remember for every part? This is a significant choice to make in such a case that you choose you just need one part, you can incorporate only enough to cover that section without going over your assigned word count.</p><p></p><p>How much time do you need to complete? This is another thought, provided that you need more time to do everything, you can search for an example of historiographical exposition. Also, in the event that you would prefer not to sit around idly composing a gigantic original copy, it may be ideal to pick an example of historiographical article that is a part at once. You can split your report up into parts, at that point split it up into areas, at that point split it up into sections. An example of historiographical article will give you a speedy review of what you have to achieve to get your undertaking finished.</p><p></p><p>By utilizing an example of historiographical paper, you can get a brisk layout and get your venture composed. At that point, when you've composed your own example, you can modify your example and get a progressively nitty gritty form to make your history composing task total. At long last, it's actually a matter of finding what fits best into your composing style.</p>

Analysis Of Man s Search For Meaning `` By Andrew Solomon

As many individuals know the most common types of depression and what symptoms occurs. However, every kind of depression has a meaning or purpose of why it happen at a certain period of life. The topic I will be discussing is does finding purpose help in recovery for disorders like depression and how will it help during the process. People assumes that when someone feels worthlessness in life assumes it is just depression. There is more than one type of depression and the actual term for it is existential depression which Frankl describes minor details in one of his chapters. Though there are many treatments for depression, how does finding purpose or meaning in life help in recovery for existential depression patients? In Andrew Solomon’s article â€Å"Depression† he was suffering from depression and felt like his life was meaningless and had no purpose to live. He describes his depression as a vine on an oak has grown onto him and always has thoughts on death. In Vikt or Frankl’s book â€Å"Man’s Search for Meaning† he describes that young patients who suffer this neurosis include two identification: from â€Å"being jobless was equated with being useless, and being useless was equated with having a meaningless life. Depression can be referred to many types though there is one type relevant to an individual facing issues of freedom, life, a meaning of life, and death. Existential depression is a type of depression whereas an individual feels as if one’s life is worthlessness andShow MoreRelatedMeasuring Consumers’ Luxury Value Perception: a Cross-Cultural Framework13193 Words   |  53 Pagessegments (Jain 1989). Within a segment and regarding a particular ―culture-independentâ€â€" product category (e.g., fashion, cars, luxuries), consumer behaviors do not vary across cultures or countries (Dawar and Parker 1994). 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Choosing Topics For Your Argumentative Essay

<h1>Choosing Topics For Your Argumentative Essay</h1><p>The Argumentative Essay theme can be overwhelming to understudies who are not used to composing contentions. On the off chance that you believe you may battle, you ought to consider beginning with a shorter exposition first. This will give you more opportunity to deal with the more troublesome ones. Additionally, it will assist you with finding what zones of paper keeping in touch with you have to deal with, which can assist with improving your general composing skills.</p><p></p><p>Although it very well may be scaring to compose a ten page exposition, there are a few different ways you can begin, which can assist you with deciding the degree of trouble that is best for you. Your target ought to be to chip away at the more troublesome points first, with the goal that you don't sit around idly when you have the more troublesome subject. Here are a few thoughts for points that can be utili zed to direct you through your composing efforts.</p><p></p><p>Topics for an Argumentative Essay ought to incorporate recent developments and current legislative issues. The theme is significant on the grounds that it gives you an extraordinary method to cooperate with your crowd while as yet giving your perspectives. With recent developments, you can utilize recent developments in your article, for example, wars, catastrophes, political embarrassments, cataclysmic events, and so forth. Likewise, there are numerous subjects that are straightforwardly identified with recent developments, for example, patterns, style, business, etc.</p><p></p><p>Several themes for an Argumentative Essay can be religion, including legislative issues, science, theory, financial aspects, and so on. You can likewise incorporate the encounters of having been raised a Christian, a Jewish, or a Muslim. Regardless of whether you choose to utilize individual enco unters or take a specialist's supposition, this is probably the best point to use.</p><p></p><p>Two different subjects for an Argumentative Essay can be sex and sexual maltreatment, including over a significant time span connections among people. You can incorporate work puts that are sexual well disposed, for example, the work environment, and schools, including the dating scene. A case of this would be a theme, for example, medicate use, particularly pot use in the high schooler years. Nonetheless, understand that you can possibly discuss themes in the event that you have a thought regarding the idea of those themes, for example, a perspective, an observation, or opinions.</p><p></p><p>There are a wide range of sorts of subjects that can be secured, and these will all be acceptable beginning stages for your exposition. This incorporates themes, for example, science, history, theory, innovation, and expressions of the human experience . By beginning with a simple point, you will have the option to be progressively innovative and thought of themes that are a lot simpler to write.</p><p></p><p>The most troublesome part about composing articles is picking what subjects to cover. On the off chance that you realize that a specific point will be troublesome, think about composing an exposition on another theme. For instance, on the off chance that you realize that a specific theme will be disputable, it is smarter to compose an alternate article. This will enable you to choose what themes to decide for your Argumentative Essay.</p><p></p><p>When it comes to composing an Argumentative Essay, in the event that you are uncertain about which points to incorporate, it is ideal to begin with a shorter ten pages article. This will give you more opportunity to take a shot at the more troublesome themes. Additionally, it will assist you with finding what regions of paper thinking of you have to take a shot at, which can assist with improving your general composing skills.</p>

Mid Century Counterculture Literature Research Paper Topics

Mid Century Counterculture Literature Research Paper TopicsIn this article, I will talk about a couple of fundamental, mid century counter-social writing research paper themes. The themes are created from past research and furthermore might be founded on your own scholarly advantages. Every one of the points is fascinating and has its own benefits and demerits.The first theme for mid century counter-social writing research paper subjects is impact and impacts. This includes understanding the impact of various effects on people. People are liable for their own fate. Their decision of which alternatives to take impactsly affects the course of their lives.In these present world occasions, it is significant for those people that are driven by an enthusiastic need to prevail to have the option to channel that need into an endeavor to satisfy their aspiration. In any case, as the significance of feelings in the public eye has expanded, it is getting progressively hard for those people that are driven by the need to prevail to deal with their motivations in a gainful way. Despite the fact that there is a component of childishness in certain individuals, the reality remains that these individuals will frequently still have the option to satisfy their craving to prevail by utilizing an assortment of strategies.On the other hand, a few people that are driven by their explanation desire, which is to better themselves, are in danger of obliterating themselves. A large number of these people experience serious strain to perform and may even suffocate in an ocean of pessimistic feeling. In the event that you can offer help to those people that are in the primary class, at that point you will be adding to a situation where singular advancement is empowered as opposed to discouraged.The second theme is understanding and deciphering the inspirations of the pioneers in administration. There is a ton of subjectivity in administration. All the world heads are not the same. In this way, it is significant for the individuals who need to find out about initiative to comprehend that they should be cautious during the time spent translation and must take every single imaginable measure to stay away from abstract interpretations.The subjectivity of people inside the authority positions implies that they are commonly more intrigued by their own lives than they are in the accomplishment of their association. This can be viewed as a negative, be that as it may. At the point when the pioneer perceives this and can utilize this perception to further his potential benefit, he can utilize it to assist him with turning into a progressively productive leader.The third subject is the mental cosmetics of the pioneers and the specific gathering. An individual will ordinarily be comprised of different selves. The cosmetics of the gathering that the pioneer leads is probably going to majorly affect the mental cosmetics of the pioneers. In the event that the authority is having issues in managing clashes of character, at that point those pioneers will be less successful.Having the best possible proportions of estimation for pioneers is an essential piece of being a pioneer. Be that as it may, the pioneer can't permit the pioneers to control the proportions of estimation, as this can undoubtedly prompt the pioneers utilizing unseemly measures to survey the pioneers. Rather, the pioneer ought to consistently inquire as to whether they could give the estimations of estimation.

Danger Signs on Topics to Write about College Essay You Must Know

<h1> Danger Signs on Topics to Write about College Essay You Must Know </h1> <p>Bear as a primary concern that the goal of a school affirmations paper is to help confirmations officials become acquainted with you. The principle reason is they are graduated class from precisely the same school you're seeking after degrees. Portray the school you need to see. Clarify your duties, and you'll be the kind of understudy schools find massively attractive.</p> <p>Colleges wish to get the opportunity to get familiar with you. They are searching for a feeling of development and introspectionpinpoint the change and show your self-improvement. They are bound to concede understudies who can express explicit reasons why the school is a solid match for them past its notoriety or positioning on any rundown. </p> <p>You're ready to handily adapt to this! The manners in which understudies should be instructed about their prosperity. Building up a subject is an aggressive activity, however one that every understudy must do on her or his own. Educational plan proposition points is a way to attempt. </p> <p>Reflective article points are very well known, as well. Universities can tell at whatever point your paper is only a structure article. Composing school papers is among the most troublesome aspects of the school application strategy, and it's likewise among the most significant. Composing articles for school is most lik ely going to be a difficult practice. </p> <h2>What Is So Fascinating About Topics to Write about College Essay? </h2> <p>Similarly, in spite of the fact that your exposition shouldn't be 100% dangerous genuine in tone, you should be cautious with humor. Plunk down, consider the story you might want to compose. Or on the other hand maybe you endeavor to compose like a particular creator one day. In case you're battling, you generally have the alternative to procure help by using an article composing administration, for example, our own. </p> <h2> Facts, Fiction and Topics to Write about College Essay </h2> <p>At any second you discover yourself feeling enthralled by methods for an individu exposition or article, have a decent glance at it. When you get a thought, the act of composing will be a lot less difficult. You should catch their eye and the best strategy to do this is by writing in your voice. At the point when you're expounding on yourself, be certain that you incorporate words that clarify the feelings you're feeling at different segments of the story.</p> <p>You should think about a thought and offer some proof. Verify you give such sort of data which can't be found in your application. Normally, you may choose any subject, no one would ever realize that you're portraying experience that you never really had, yet remember that it is consistently more straightforward to come clean than to develop lies. Verify you give away from of the things on your rundown as well. </p> <h2> Want to Know More About Topics to Write about College Essay? </h2> <p>Application papers about difficulties uncover how you react to trouble to people who are very intrigued by how you are going to manage the ensuing four years without anyone else. Obviously, paying little heed to what capability you've decided to get, scholastic achievement is critical for your up and coming vocation. You're the sole individual with your particular blend of individual characteristics, convictions, qualities, and encounters, and along these lines you don't should lie or misrepresent to acquire your article exceptional. As a result, numerous understudies approach us for working assistance and make sense of how to upgrade their evaluations in a specific subject, and generally speaking execution. </p> <h2> The Key to Successful Topics to Write about College Essay </h2> <p>Somehow, it's much progressively hard to pick an exposition point, as you need to keep intelligent or account style, and you have zero determination. Expound on a difficult you have or wish to fix. Try not to disregard to clarify why the bind is critical to you!</p> <p>So you don't really need to find a point! On the off chance that you aren't doled out the point yet need to pick it without anyone else, you shouldn't be languid to search for something which will have an incentive for the target group. It's conceivable to talk about anything you need, and your point isn't to b associated with your up and coming calling. Utilizing another person's theme (or their article for this issue) is never a fabulous thought. </p> <h2> How to Find Topics to Write about College Essay on the Web </h2> <p>College application articles are frequently the most troublesome bit of the application approach. The better piece of the paper utilizes standard English and English punctuation. It's essential to have past the shallow in your private articulation. For example, for affirmation articles, it's prescribed to focus on some specific highlights as opposed to giving general and known data. </p> <h2> Things You Should Know Abo ut Topics to Write about College Essay</h2> <p>The article is effectively among the most irksome parts of the school application practice. In order to consider great school exposition themes, it's recommended to comply with a scope of prompts, which can be extraordinary for your buy finish. 1 significant and proper subject is innovation. Just in such a circumstance, you will have the option to turn out to be high evaluations you want. </p> <h2> Get the Scoop on Topics to Write about College Essay Before You're Too Late </h2> <p>In most of cases, your school exposition ought to have a title to. You likewise need to see how your examination paper will be assessed. Set forth plainly, all the assignments and school papers you're mentioned to finish ought to be OK, very much organized, refered to accurately and submitted in time. Luckily, schools will ponder you if you decide to join your adoration for writing in your exposition. </p> <h2> Details of Topics to Write about College Essay</h2> <p>Colleges do need you to have solid convictions that you're anxious to represent, and some exposition questions give you the opportunity to do precisely that. Article subjects for school should be given a particular consideration to. Settling on a proper exposition subject is essential. Picking points for contentious papers is significant for your general achievement. </p> <h2>Whatever They Told You About Topics to Write about College Essay Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why </h2> <p>you must match until the measure of a proper understudy, in any case, possibly, the circle of scholastic accomplishment isn't for you. School is a scholarly spot so endeavor to persuade the board that you're the correct individual as they would like to think. Essentially every understudy you will be facing has done a network administrations. Fundamentally every understudy you'll be facing has done a network support. &l t;/p>

Academic Essay Topics For ielts Tests

Academic Essay Topics For ielts TestsWhen it comes to academic essay topics this year, students will want to look towards hard sciences and life sciences. These subjects are so well supported that they will never need a Spanish translation or a new vocabulary word in the essay. This makes it very easy for teachers to find a good English equivalent to use with an its English language skill test.Science and mathematics topics also benefit from textbooks that are not too demanding on the students' ability to understand the English language. This is because students learn better when they have to work harder and see the material in a much more simplified way. For example, an its English test that does not require mathematical knowledge may be very simple for a student to understand. Of course, you cannot expect students to come up with the right answer on their own, but they can definitely understand the material better by working it out in the language.There are some problems with its a cademic essay topics that involve more complex topics such as chemistry. Students should expect to look at a lot of images, animations, and other visual information that are very technical and require a higher level of thinking ability than would otherwise be required. In some cases, these types of essays require that students do a lot of research on their own. They will probably end up learning something on their own but then the final draft will need to be proofread by a professional English teacher to make sure it is complete.Tests English skill test will also try to explain the basic vocabulary used in the subject and will usually have a real world example that they are showing to the students. In most cases, this can be a few sentences but not for any length of time. You can make sure your students understand the actual English word or phrase, just make sure it isn't in all caps or capital letters. Students who do learn this way will have a difficult time putting their vocabula ry to use in writing later on.Life science topics are very similar to life sciences. However, life science subjects typically tend to be far more academic in nature than the life skills test requires. For example, students in a biology ielts exam will be required to work a lot harder to understand the material than the average life science subject. A hard life science topic such as physics will require the students to be able to write very complex ideas in an extremely clear and precise manner.If you use the same examples as you do in your English topics, it will be easier for students to pick up on the subtleties of the lesson and to appreciate the information better. The phrase 'on an ielts English test' can be a little bit vague without a good example that makes it seem like there is a new word being introduced each time. Some students can read over the answers many times before even looking at the examples, and then end up finding it difficult to really understand what is being taught.When it comes to technical terms, sometimes you need to really be specific in the way you use them, even if they are English terms. Students often confuse technical terms with English words and phrases and then get lost when they try to put their knowledge into words. With an test, you will be able to look at the English definition and the scientific term and simply translate the two as best you can.A great example of this would be the definitions of the word 'skim'. A student might be looking at a simple sentence about how the mouth helps to skim. In order to make sure that this part of the skill test makes sense to the students, they can use an example with 'skim' translated into English.

Research Papers - Steps For Writing Your Papers

<h1>Research Papers - Steps For Writing Your Papers</h1><p>To compose your examination papers in a reasonable way, you have to follow the ten stages for composing research papers. There are number of things that you have to deal with before composing your papers. On the off chance that you need to compose a paper, you have to recollect to initially put all the significant data about the subject. Next, you have to choose whether you will compose your examination paper from your own psyche or will complete it from another person's help.</p><p></p><p>It is exceptionally significant for you to realize what you need to compose. You have to monitor your thoughts and expertise they advanced up until this point. Numerous individuals will in general compose the exploration papers with their brain instead of getting them composed by another person. Hence, it is fitting for you to have an examination paper by somebody who has done likewise subject befor e.</p><p></p><p>Writing an exploration paper will expect you to begin with some fundamental thought regarding the point that you will expound on. In this way, you have to choose what point you need to expound on. Regardless of whether you need to expound on showcasing, promoting procedures, or publicizing methods, you have to consider what sort of paper you will compose. It is on the grounds that various individuals require distinctive papers.</p><p></p><p>This implies that you have to examine every one of the subjects that you need to expound on. You should be prepared with all the data that you need before you begin composing the paper. A few people compose all the data that they have about a specific subject, however a few people want to compose just what they will examine in the paper. The choices you make may differ from case to case.</p><p></p><p>In the way toward composing the exploration papers, you addi tionally need to consider what sort of arrangement you need to utilize. Organizing matters a great deal when you will compose an exploration paper. In this way, you have to see if you need to utilize the book reference or not. What's more, you should see if you are going to utilize the watchwords or not.</p><p></p><p>The nature of composing that you have to do should be possible just when you choose which technique for composing is best for you. There are numerous techniques for composing research papers. A portion of the strategies that you can utilize incorporate illustrative composition, pugnacious composition, coherent composition, and account composing. In this manner, you have to discover which strategy is best for you.</p><p></p><p>After you have settled on a specific kind of composing, you have to choose the arrangement of the paper that you need to compose. This implies you have to arrange for what sort of paper you need to co mpose. In this manner, you have to consider all the means that you need to do to compose a paper.</p><p></p><p>You need to set up all the subtleties before you begin composing the examination papers. To do this, you can check the web or can converse with a companion who has been composing the exploration papers. Along these lines, you should be readied. Hence, the means for composing research papers referenced above are fundamental for all the writers.</p>

A Diagnostic Essay Example

<h1>A Diagnostic Essay Example</h1><p>In this article I am going to give you a case of a symptomatic paper model. This model will assist you with thinking of some innovative exposition models for your analytic investigations. You will see that the demonstrative exposition is certainly not a straight forward task like huge numbers of the other analytic subjects you have studied.</p><p></p><p>For model let us take social work, which is a totally different indicative subject from medication. The distinction between the two is that in social work you will examine society all in all, you will consider society and its jobs overall, and not only a couple of people inside it. There is additionally another distinction which makes it marginally unique in relation to medicine.</p><p></p><p>When you study a subject, for example, brain research or psychiatry, almost certainly, you will consider those parts of society which have a m ental concentrate, for example, the treatment of crooks, or the treatment of families, schools or network individuals. Psychiatry is additionally worried about the wellbeing of individuals instead of simply their emotional wellness. You should have the option to contemplate these parts of society that are not all that firmly connected to the human brain itself.</p><p></p><p>To give you a case of a symptomatic model let us take a gander at a demonstrative article model. On the off chance that you study the idea of character as utilized in psychotherapy, you should think about how various sorts of individuals see and dissect this concept.</p><p></p><p>You may contemplate the investigation of character in various types of treatment. For instance, in the event that you study the hypothesis of character the thought we as people are shaped by what we have done before and what we have encountered. We can make attributes in ourselves by what w e have gained from those encounters and the moves we have made before. On the off chance that you study character in a clinical setting you will find that there are a wide range of approaches to take a gander at character, however most specialists will concentrate on similar sorts of characters, the ones what our identity is influenced by in the past.</p><p></p><p>So, so as to compose an article dependent on this idea you have to have an assortment of data. It is a wide subject, so it is significant that you have enough foundation information to comprehend the various hypotheses which go into this theme. To ensure that you can do this well, you should investigate the writing that is accessible on this point to discover how best to approach the topic.</p><p></p><p>So for instance when composing an analytic paper you should have enough foundation information on the theme to ensure that you can completely clarify your thoughts and you lik ewise need to have enough information to show that you comprehend the subject. It isn't important to stress a lot over the structure and sentence structure, you will likewise find this isn't the focal point of a large portion of the symptomatic courses, yet your demonstrative examination ought to get you to your comprehension of the theme and empower you to communicate it well.</p>

Choosing the Right College Research Psychology Paper Topics

<h1>Choosing the Right College Research Psychology Paper Topics</h1><p>College look into brain science will be on the psyches of understudies, in both their scholastic and individual lives. These understudies need a reasonable thought regarding what inquire about brain research is and what its value. What are the things you can do to enable your children to pick a profession that is directly for them?</p><p></p><p>The first thing you can do is show your understudies the sorts of understudies who are well on the way to be keen on the field. Ask them to consider for what valid reason they like to do inquire about. For huge numbers of them, it may have something to do with the individuals or spots that intrigue them and research is one method of communicating these interests.</p><p></p><p>Once they have a rundown of the things they need to think about, you can review an examination paper points or two that will make certa in to blow some people's minds. Albeit a few understudies may not think they have to have a paper theme that includes understudies' lives, you can generally include some data about their future vocation possibilities. To make it fascinating, make the subject something like 'Would You Like to Become a Human Resource Specialist?'</p><p></p><p>Write up some exploration paper points that will fulfill your understudies' advantages and told them precisely what they're getting into. On the off chance that they're keen on the individuals and spots that intrigue them, you ought to talk about the vocation possibilities. A few understudies are brought into the world with specific gifts and numerous understudies can be specialists in their fields. You can begin the conversation by asking them what they figure their future vocation choices will be.</p><p></p><p>Don't neglect to tell them what they'll escape their examination and why they ought to b e keen on it. They have to know whether their examination will be valuable and what it will really take to get a passing mark on it. Ensure you're offering them a few different ways to get their inquiries replied so they can discover increasingly about their choice.</p><p></p><p>You might not have any desire to uncover what the 'genuine' subject of your paper points is on the grounds that it might give a few understudies an awful picture of the calling. They may believe that all exploration is exhausting and absolutely pointless. Be that as it may, on the off chance that you give some data about the estimation of the field to them, they'll be better ready to get amped up for it.</p><p></p><p>Students shouldn't feel as if their exploration papers aren't significant and ought to be educated to be paid attention to. You can undoubtedly mention to them what they'll escape their paper on account of the substance, regardless of whether you d on't have the outcomes. Your exploration paper points will permit them to think of a thought regarding the estimation of the field to them and how they can utilize their own encounters to help those around them.</p><p></p><p>The most ideal approach to assist understudies with choosing which school inquire about brain science is directly for them is to show them a smidgen of all that they can anticipate from the field. Give them extraordinary data about the things they can anticipate from a profession in the field and let them think about what an incredible vocation they'll be having.</p>

Personal Narrative My Life - 885 Words

Personal Narrative Have you ever had something happen to you that changed your life forever? Something that you will never forget. It’s something that makes you who you are whether it is good or bad to makes you special. I know it’s hard to believe that one event could change your whole life but I promise you it can. A major life changing event happened to me on July 20th, 2011. This is the day that my youngest sister Carly was born. On this day my whole life was changed and it will never be the same again. July 20th I said good bye to my old self and started taking steps to become the person that I am today. My whole story started the day my mother told me that I was going to have another sibling. The day that my mother told me was a day that changed my life forever. I was in shock and I couldn’t believe I was going to be a big sister again. There was so many emotions going through my mind. I didn’t know how to react to the news. The main emotion I was fe eling was anger, I wasn’t happy about having another sibling. But the closer it got to Carly’s do date my emotions started to change and I became very excite and looking forward to this new chapter of my life. I was ready to see what my future had instore for me with this amazing little girl that was about to come into my life. The day of July 20th,2011 was the day that my life changed forever. It is the day that my youngest sister Carly came into this world. I remember it like it was just yesterday. The day beforeShow MoreRelatedPersonal Narrative Of My Life956 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Narrative Life has always been the opposite of predictable. Twists and turns are abundant during a person’s time on this earth. It has often been compared to a rollercoaster, and I believe that there is validity in that. At one point, when it seems like the ride can only continue in the upwards direction, it goes spiraling down faster than one can register. In that moment, it seems as though every good thing in one’s life comes crashing down in a domino-like fashion. Each great piece ofRead MorePersonal Narrative Of My Life1098 Words   |  5 Pages Personal Narrative There stood the school that I would go to for the next three years of my life. From what I could see on the map, the school was prodigious.There were two-story buildings around me, and I stood by one. I felt like a mouse compared to the vast school. Cool air brushed against my face as I analyzed the school.I was standing near eight planters, with my schedule and a school map in my hand.Up ahead of me, I could see cars passing by, dropping kids off to school.A lot of studentsRead MorePersonal Narrative Of My Life961 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Narrative One day in mid-November, I thought that one of the worst days in my life had come. I walked into my parent’s room, and I found my mother rushing to gather things to go somewhere. Curiously, I asked my mom where she was going, and why she was in such a rush. My mom said, â€Å"Julia was in a bad car accident on the way home from school and is headed to the hospital. I’m going up there to see if there is anything I can do to help.† Immediately many questions came to my mind, but I knewRead MorePersonal Narrative In My Life1322 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Narrative   Ã‚  Ã‚   Where do we go when we have nothing on our minds? Where do we go when we go quiet? I can not be the one to tell you. My mind is always focused on the next and can never stay put. My mind is like Hong Kong (most densely populated place on Earth) during a rush hour. It’s a room full of commotion and noise that can’t find the escape door. It’s fun at times, but unbearable when all you want to do is shut yourself out from the world and relax. I can’t pay attention in my classesRead MoreMy Personal Narrative Of My Life1261 Words   |  6 PagesThis will be a long personal narrative about my current stressful life. Before, I came down to the University of Georgia to work with the football team my life back in East Lansing, Michigan was quite peaceful. However, I will admit I was still overly stressed with the endless amount of coursework I had, but I still had time to relax or had time to be bored and question what I should do with my time. Now tak ing all of my credits online and working 12-15 hour days, then traveling to the games on SaturdayRead MoreMy Personal Narrative Of My Life1530 Words   |  7 PagesMy Personal Narrative   Ã‚  Ã‚   One event from my life that I always remember is when I was first starting school. I was wearing a Bright Blue Basketball Shirt and a pair of Bright Blue Basketball Shorts. I woke up very early that day. When my sisters finally woke up they got ready and we went outside to wait for the bus. When the bus came my mom wanted to get pictures of us. So when we arrived at school I went to class. I was extremely nervous but when my teacher told us her name I laughed. She told usRead MoreMy Personal Narrative Of My Life1286 Words   |  6 PagesMy personal Narrative The date was October 8, 2014, 2 days after my birthday. One of the realest quotes I heard was â€Å"Don’t trust a soul† and i should have listened. It started out as any other day, mom was mad me for one reason or another, dad was sitting on the couch like always playing the â€Å"Call of Duty†. I was a Saturday so of course I tried to sleep in but my dad love playing his game with the sound on high it really out under my skin. Think about it you re sleeping in your bed and all of aRead MorePersonal Narrative : My Life And Life2126 Words   |  9 Pagessit in my back yard looking at the fireworks, my brothers and sister all outside with me were having fun. It had me thinking about my life and thinking why I couldn’t be happy and why my parents couldn’t just be there for me when I needed them the most†¦things were about to get very bad and hard for me. I can just feel my life is about to go through a downfall and I just wonder will I be able to get through it. To being with, the first time is when I was only 14 years old I had gone to my friend’sRead MorePersonal Narrative : My Life And Life2126 Words   |  9 Pagessit in my back yard looking at the fireworks, my brothers and sister all outside with me were having fun. It had me thinking about my life and thinking why I couldn’t be happy and why my parents couldn’t just be there for me when I needed them the most†¦things were about to get very bad and hard for me. I can just feel my life is about to go through a downfall and I just wonder will I be able to get through it. To being with, the first time is when I was only 14 years old I had gone to my friend’sRead MorePersonal Narrative My Life Essay578 Words   |  3 PagesPersonal Narrative My Life I never really thought about where my life was going. I always believed life took me where I wanted to go, I never thought that I was the one who took myself were I wanted to go. Once I entered high school I changed the way I thought. This is why I chose to go to college. I believe that college will give me the keys to unlock the doors of life. This way I can choose for myself where I go instead of someone choosing for me. I have chosen to go to the local community

Formative Essay Topics Fundamentals Explained

<h1> Formative Essay Topics Fundamentals Explained</h1> <p>The focus of entire class conversation is to make basic and imaginative reasoning capacities. You may likewise pick any most recent research work that is to some degree dubious to appeal the perusers to form factious paper. It is basic to complete the whole instructive exposition on an epic note in the occasion the writer needs the perusing crowd to recollect his splendid musings and continue looking into the issue. The school affirmations article is the ideal opportunity to exhibit the particular bits of your tendency and developmental encounters that made you the individual you're today. </p> <p>As a model, suppose in case you're expounding on language history exposition than you may need to fuse the entirety of the data with respect to the history language on earth independent of a particular district while in explicit language history paper, you would talk about history of the language of a p articular locale. At the point when you get ready for the Reading segment, it is astute for you whether you read an unreasonable measure of setting in English. Current understudies have a particular opportunity to utilize the web. Educational Writing Prompts to help Students Learn About the World Around Us A diary isn't just a sheltered area for an understudy to ponder her or his thoughts and feelingsit may likewise be a profoundly successful device that makes it feasible for the understudy to discover progressively about what's happening in our general surroundings. </p> <p>Writing articles can be a brilliant technique to obtain presentation to your merchandise and your site. Much research was conveyed to get familiar with the reaction of a student working cooperatively with an accomplice or in little gatherings. Innovation can be trying to understand, especially in the event that you utilize an excessive number of terms which might be new to your audience.</p> &l t;h2> The Do's and Don'ts of Formative Essay Topics </h2> <p>The use of good instructive exposition themes can affect how great an evaluation you get. You might be having exposition points that are hard to investigate or that require inquire about materials which aren't promptly advertised. Thus, in the event that you think banking papers are exhausting simply like your organization contemplates are, at that point you're presumably off-base here. Your article may join the clarifications for adolescent pregnancy and discussion about the ongoing paces of youngster pregnancy and potential solutions.</p> <h2>Introducing Formative Essay Topics </h2> <p>Sooner or later, it's critical to choose subjects that one feels great to compose on so you can do equity to them. The fundamental explanation is these themes are not excessively expansive or limited. The paper points are ordered in different gatherings just for the simplicity of perusers. This rundow n manages some of the simple to compose article points. </p> <p>Employing the web can assist you with finding the general pattern on well known themes. When you chose this issue, it's a great opportunity to plunk down and put in a couple of hours or increasingly dependent on the task's volume on the enlightening paper plot. Disclosing how to spend less by utilizing open-source writings and web reading material rental sites would bring about an amazingly enlightening essay.</p> <h2> Things You Should Know About Formative Essay Topics</h2> <p>Such an exposition may focus on a recorded conversation. As a rule, it will think about dubious perspectives about a specific theme. It isn't generally simple to create a how-to exposition. Our model article may likewise assist you with understanding how to utilize different style of composing. </p> <p>Enable the expert scholastic authors help to your instructive paper! In case you're a section year visiting or Erasmus understudy you aren't required to complete the developmental papers yet you may do as such on the off chance that you need. In case you're an Erasmus or part-year visiting understudy you aren't required to complete the developmental papers yet you may do as such on the off chance that you need. Most understudies accept that the exposition points must be lavish or surprising. </p> <p>A postulation must be doubtful like in a pugnacious or convincing article to make the perusers wish to discuss. Composing areas, it's very fundamental for you on the off chance that you compose your own words. Composing an article isn't a simple endeavor to do, beginning is the hardest part of an exposition. Try not to be concerned, EssayPro is here so as to show our understudies all that they should find out about creating an educational essay!</p> <h2>The Fundamentals of Formative Essay Topics That You Can Learn From Beginning Right Away </h2> <p>Our model article authors have sufficient aptitudes in investigate and approach the most refreshed research materials and in this way you can be sure to discover the exposition you are looking for in our database. There are a few distinct methodologies and procedures that might be used to create youngsters' learning through developmental appraisal and AFL. There's a mutual learning technique. For instance, in the event that you need to think of and configuration learning materials, similar to books, for rudimentary understudies, you need to consolidate an understudy as a bit of your developmental assessment. </p>

Comparing Comparative Politics Essay Topics

<h1>Comparing Comparative Politics Essay Topics</h1><p>Comparing the relative governmental issues exposition points for your homeroom are no simple assignment. You need to ensure that you survey all the relevant models so as to pick the themes that will best suit your understudies and that is additionally perfectly for your taste.</p><p></p><p>Consider two unique issues. How might one gathering effectively win a political triumph, when he is no less a gathering than the other? As we as a whole know, each and every vote based government isn't popularity based. Along these lines, we need to confront this reality and discover the relative governmental issues paper subjects dependent on the particular states of political rivalry, yet in addition the general conditions.</p><p></p><p>Then, consider that the understudy can undoubtedly distinguish right solutions to your inquiries. Not a solitary understudy may differ to the t heory explanation. Presently, take a gander at the political associations, since all the associations are paying special mind to triumph, they will request that their applicants ought to win.</p><p></p><p>The essential things that are being dealt with here are that these associations might want to accomplish triumph by getting competitors chose in all the circles. They will just advance applicants who can win them the election.</p><p></p><p>Now, take a gander at the similar legislative issues exposition subjects too, and make it sure that the understudies comprehend the result and the ramifications of their interest. What's more, for that, you need to remember the plan of the legislators for which they will come in and what they will do so as to guarantee their victory.</p><p></p><p>With such a motivation, the understudies are bound to need to be a piece of it. They must know that the stakes are excessively high and that they may lose everything on the off chance that they don't attempt their level best.</p><p></p><p>Even when you go into the political circle, you need to remember that there is nothing amiss with state communism. We as a whole realize that it won't make the world perfect.</p>

Sports Topics For Research Papers

<h1>Sports Topics For Research Papers</h1><p>If you resemble most understudies at some point, you should utilize sports subjects for inquire about papers. Finding support from a specialist around there may appear to be scaring, however it isn't. It just takes a smidgen of work. Here are the tips that will help you when you initially start your research:</p><p></p><p>First, ensure that you compose an exploration paper that identifies with sports. Try not to put together it with respect to your advantage, yet on the game being referred to. Research papers ought to incorporate information that identifies with the topic.</p><p></p><p>You can utilize information gathered by others to help construct your data. You can discover others' exploration ventures on the web, from the University or another source. You would then be able to make your own examination utilizing the data that you have assembled. You can be certain that y our investigations will be one of a kind. With others' exploration, you could go through years attempting to copy their research.</p><p></p><p>As you inquire about for sports subjects for examine papers, check with the library, school book shop, and public venues, as potential sources. You can likewise attempt to contact clubs and sports associations for data. Sports specialists are incredible assets and can give you thoughts on subjects you might not have thought of.</p><p></p><p>Have an examination to clarify what makes sports such a well known movement. This can assist you with thinking of a point for your examination. As you scan for subjects, you can limit it down to your own advantages. Begin composing a games subjects for explore papers by finding out about the game and investigating the data that you can get.</p><p></p><p>It is critical to be positive about your examination, and prepared to introduce the best work that you have made. You would then be able to peruse this exploration paper to your future teacher. You should intrigue him to get a higher evaluation, however you will likewise get the opportunity to show him the extraordinary work that you did. At the point when you present a work of this gauge, you will make certain to land that advancement, or proceed onward to the following phase of your education.</p><p></p><p>There are heaps of sports subjects for inquire about papers. You can utilize your own exploration to mention to you what to inquire about straightaway, just as check with other people who can help you.</p>

Top Paper Writing Choices

<h1> Top Paper Writing Choices </h1> <p>Term paper composing is a fairly dubious yet fascinating endeavor. The installment method is extremely protected as we don't request your charge card data. Preceding starting any work using the APA position papers, it's best for you to look into about the latest updates finished with the configuration. There are a couple of locales that are set up to give totally free examples which will assist with understanding whether they are capable or not and consequently it would give a basic choice to create a determination. </p> <h2> What You Should Do About Paper Writing Starting in the Next Seven Minutes</h2> <p>Folks plan what's essential to them. Thoughts on Decorating If you may build up a subject, you're looking great so far. Article papers may show up so natural to a few yet they're a tremendous migraine to most of individuals. Show your Analysis and Reasoning and guarantee it is clear you appreciate the material. </p> <h2>Facts, Fiction and Paper Writing </h2> <p>Most purchase sorts have a specific part the spot students can decide the scholars they might want to actualize for her or his article composing. Our composing framework has set up the absolute best procedures which understudies ought to apply to have the option to arrive at their scholastic targets. Understudies favor our paper composing administrations basically on the grounds that we've demonstrated a few manifestations of value which most organizations don't have. Most understudies think that its extreme to compose modified articles and that is among the clarifications for why they utilize web based composing administrations. </p> <p>There are different sorts of papers and to a great extent rely upon exactly what the author might want to pass on. To make it less complex for you, envision your peruser is absolutely inexperienced with the subject and that you must teach them. Our essayists will be satisfied to flexibly you with some assistance! Such scholars are offered at Essay-Write.</p> <p>Added advantages of on-line exposition composing Deadlines are among the essential issues because of which understudies get pushed thus settling on the master author will assist with satisfying any cutoff time. Innovativeness is a fairly significant piece of exposition composing thus while in school each understudy faces the successive issue of precisely the same thought which is probably going to cause their paper to lose perusers. Today there's a scope of such on-line locales who are set up to help understudies who have any exposition point. At the point when undergrads are doled out exposition composing, they will be outfitted with realities about the way that they should get it done. </p> <p>The absolute first guideline of a solid and steady white paper is that the information should be written in a direct and conceivable manner. Indeed, the significant thing about APA paper is the route by which data is referenced. An idea paper must contain all the enormous constituents of a proposition. It resembles a proposition which is submitted to the PhD board so as to look for its endorsement for beginning the exploration venture. </p> <p>So in case you're attempting to locate an extremely straightforward way to deal with increment your evaluations or just require help with a confounded task we see how to help you, you're at the fitting spot. The understudy is on leave in view of a specific explanation that is non-debatable. At that point, he should have a reasonable thought regarding the exploration theme, the examination question he will attempt and the examination philosophy he will follow. Perceiving understudies for the most part comprehend that the most fundamental thing they need to comprehend is the idea. </p> <p>Knowing the utilization of every segment of your paper at the arranging stage will allow you to accumulate just the proper material. The Body The last advance is to start the body of your paper accurately. Verify you spread the ground and table with paper. While putting in a request, kindly verify that you quote a proper cutoff time, and you fill the entirety of the paper field unmistakably as we don't have to burden you. </p>

Sample Personal Narrative Essay Outlines

Sample Personal Narrative Essay OutlinesA sample personal narrative essay outline can help you decide whether a writing project is right for you. It will show you what type of writing assignments to expect and how much effort it will take to complete them.First, let's look at some examples of a personal narrative essay that you could complete. For instance, the essay could be a description of a short story idea or a novel idea. For instance, an aspiring author could go into detail about their experience writing a short story.A sample personal narrative essay outline will include the theme of the story you plan to write. The summary usually starts with an introduction that explains the type of story, who will be reading it, and how it will relate to the characters in the story. You may also want to introduce the main character of the story. An introduction is usually followed by a few paragraphs explaining what happens in the body of the story.Once you have introduced the theme, the s ample personal narrative essay outline would describe the main characters in the story. These are the main characters and often include a short description of them. Then, you describe how each character interacts with the others and the main conflict of the story.In addition to describing how each character interacts with the others, the outline will also describe what happens in between the scenes. This information would include any actions that occur after the dialogue that makes up the action in the scene.The summary would then describe how the story ends. Usually this is the ending where the action moves to the next scene. However, there is no set length for the outline, although it usually contains more than a paragraph on the final scenes.Some samples of a sample personal narrative essay outline include the following example: 'To begin with, we describe the atmosphere of the first scene. We describe the characters who are being introduced, including the main character, his mot her, and his father. We then introduce the setting, including the location, which is the home of the main character's mother, along with a cityscape of which she is proud.'A sample personal narrative essay outline is only one way to prepare for writing a work of fiction. There are many other guidelines, as well. All writers should use a sample outline to gain a better understanding of how they should start a story.

Physical Fitness Research Paper Topics

Physical Fitness Research Paper TopicsMany universities that host physical fitness research papers will expect students to provide original and creative ideas for their proposed topics. It is vital to get students to participate in the process as a whole. What this means is that each student must actually participate in the student design process.There are many important things that need to be done for each student who is going to write a paper for the competition. The first thing that needs to be done is to organize the entire process and inform all of the students about the entire process. This will allow the students to effectively use their time and not miss out any necessary events. It is recommended that students organize their own schedule so that they can fit in a class, tutorial or perhaps take the test with the available time available.In order to facilitate a proper discussion with the student, the student should contact the professor and give them the required information about the students participating in the study. There should be no ambiguity about the student participation and this will also show the students that they have to help to carry out the assignment. Any misunderstandings that might arise during the research paper topics process should be cleared up with the professor before the deadline for submission.All of the relevant student's ability must be considered when they are coming up with the idea for the research paper topic. The faculty of the school must agree on the suggestions and the student must discuss their thoughts with the teacher in a clear manner. This will also show the students that they are indeed involved and they should all try their best to make the suggestions work. Each student must put in their part and they must also state any obstacles that they may face in working on the idea.During the entire process, the students must not have any problems with the ideas that they have come up with. In fact, students will gene rally have an easy time with the assignment if the idea is unique and they come up with a great idea.In physical fitness research paper topics, it is important that the student writes all of the ideas in a clear and easy to read manner. It is recommended that the student should consider using their own paper to read the assignments that they are going to be submitting. This will let the student know what is expected from them in terms of their written work.After students have filled out their assigned papers, they are still required to communicate with the professor and ask for additional ideas from the professor as well as provide other student's ideas. These guidelines will ensure that the students all of the responsibility to carry out the assignment.

Secret Info on Samples of Persuasive Essay Only the Experts Know About

Secret Info on Samples of Persuasive Essay Only the Experts Know About Samples of Persuasive Essay Secrets If you obtain essay on the internet, you've got to find a bigger prospect of passing well. On the flip side, the incorrect thesis statement isn't exact on what should be accomplished. Do not be hesitant to change what you feel ought to be changed. Only as long as you believe and work hard it is possible to achieve anything. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. Reading is a considerable activity linked to writing essays. Writing an essay is a vital role in academe life. It is an essential role in academe life. Writing essay may be a true headache including each one of the research and meeting academic standards. Foreign students frequently have a part-time job which lets them cover their study, many can't adapt to foreign language. Education plays an essential part in shaping successful individuals. So, it is a necessary means of eradicating the unemployment problem. Samples of Persuasive Essay and Samples of Persuasive Essay - The Perfect Combination The simplest approach to compose a superior persuasive essay is to chose a topic you're confident in. Fantastic solution is to cover essay. There are many steps which you ought to take in order to compose a superb essay. There are lots of steps which you ought to take in order to compose an exceptional es say. Good persuasive essay topics must be persuasive. At Essay Lab you can purchase a personalized essay written particularly for you by our professional writers. Persuasive essays share a great deal of resemblance with argumentative essays. A persuasive essay is a strong tool if you want to supply a new vision of a particular topic for the reader. When it isn't interesting you aren't very very likely to compose a great persuasive essay since there'll be nothing you will have the ability to persuade readers of. Still, if you'd like your paper to hit the bulls-eye and modify the way that your reader thinks, you will need a few tactics. Be certain you present some background info there if necessary, and create the reader eager to find out more about what you should say. The primary purpose of persuasive essays is to earn reader do or believe something. The impact of meat consumption upon the origin of cancer has not yet been studied in detail, but statistics found in various studies indicate that someone can decrease the probability of cancer greatly by reducing intake of meat and associated products. You must know all elements of financial topics after you choose them. To choose which subject you're most likely to discuss, it's critical to observe the comprehensive selection of good persuasive speech topics from the partic ular field of study. To choose which subject you're most likely to discuss, it's important to find the comprehensive assortment of good persuasive speech topics from the particular subject of study. Samples of Persuasive Essay - the Story The success of the entire essay directly depends upon how good you present the supporting facts. Sometimes working on a very small cause and effect essay will take a good deal of time in the event the topic is too complex and unclear. When you revise your essay, you've got to make sure its organization is completely appropriate to your intended audience, the paper context, and the objective. There's no ideal way about ways to compose a productive essay. There's no ideal way about ways to compose a productive essay. In any case, the illustration should contain reasons for taking essayist's argument under consideration. Another great idea is to obtain some absolutely free essay examples of distinct types and on various subjects to locate an overall idea of the way by which a prosperous debatable paper looks. It is very important to remember that perfect' relationships aren't always present and may not always be done between twins.

Essay on Database - 2414 Words

Project on Database Design for College Library Index: 1. Introduction............................................................................ 3 2. Requirement Analysis ..............................................................4 3. Defining Entitiy and Attribute...................................................5 4. Entity Relationship Diagram......................................................6 5. Non- Technical overview of Entity Relationship Diagram..........7 6. User Applications...................................................................... 7 7. ER†¦show more content†¦SQL Queries to retrieve data .........................................................29-37 11.Factors that influence Physical Database Design.............................38 Introduction : Generally Institutions are mature and different systems are employed by the libraries to manage their resources in an efficient manner but still many libraries remain unconvinced and show reluctance to employ and switch over to new systems. Library management refers to the issues involved in managing the resources available in library such as classification of material, book processing, Journals. My plan in implementing database design for college library will bring out technical advantages that are lacking in present system in maintaining Library.I will analyse the limitations of existing manual system employed by a college library and will mainly focus on the solution to provide a centralised repositoryShow MoreRelatedDatabase And Database Management System Essay1068 Words   |  5 PagesZalgaonkir Pearson Cape Town Campus Introduction to Databases project Student Number: MB2014-0413 Teacher: Andrew Davies Due Date: 23/09/2016 2 Contents Page Page 1†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Cover Page Page 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Contents Page Page 3-5†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Question 1 Page 6-12†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Optional Access Screenshots Page 13-18†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Question 2 Page 19†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦References and Bibliography 3 Question 1 1.1) Database Database is defined as a set of related data in many tables andRead MoreRelational Database : A Database1622 Words   |  7 Pages Relational Database Introduction – What is a relational database It is a database which shows the links and relationships between two sets of data/stored information in a document or mainly entities. 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Madrasa System in Pakistan free essay sample

Although several studies have been undertaken to analyze the madrasa curriculum and its impact on the students, the role and attitudes of madrasa teachers, and the challenges they face, have largely been neglected. This paper is based on interviews and focused group discussions conducted with madrasa teachers in Pakistan to gauge what, in their view, is required to reform the system. It also provides some recommendations for directions that public policy could take in order to address religious radicalism. Author Profile Zahid Shahab Ahmed, from Pakistan, is PhD scholar at the University of New England in Australia. He co-authored Attitudes of Teachers in India and Pakistan: Texts and Contexts (New Delhi: WISCOMP 2007). For the last five years, he has been actively engaged in conflict transformation projects at the regional level in South Asia. Correspondence: [emailprotected] com. Available from http://www. wiscomp. org/peaceprints. htm 1 Zahid Shahab Ahmed: Madarsa Peace Prints: South Asian Journal of Peacebuilding, Vol. 2, No. 1: Autumn 2009 MADRASA EDUCATION IN THE PAKISTANI CONTEXT: CHALLENGES, REFORMS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS Zahid Shahab Ahmed Introduction Traditionally, madrasas are Islamic learning institutions, aimed at building a generation of Islamic scholars and leaders. The word ‘madrasa’ means ‘center of learning’ in Arabic. They provide free religious education, boarding and lodging. For these reasons, they are essentially schools for the poor. 1 â€Å"The madrasas of Pakistan are said to be the breeding ground for much of South and Central Asian militancy, but for the accusations made, there is precious little known about these seminaries and their students†, notes Tariq Rahman. The increased attention of the international media, particularly after the terrorist attacks in New York in 2001 and London in 2005, created pressure on the Pakistani government to address the root causes of global terrorism. This also encouraged the government to begin monitoring these educational institutions and to establish mechanisms for creating accountability. History of Madrasas Since 1947 Following the partition of India and the birth of Pakistan in 1947, a number of Ulema from Deoband migrated to Pakistan and established seminaries here. Two of these madrasas are believed to have played a prominent role in bringing a rigorous form of Islam to Pakistan in Akora Khattak (Darul Uloom Haqqania) and in the Banori township of Karachi. 3 Today, there are five distinct types of madrasas in Pakistan, 4 divided along sectarian and political lines. The two main Zahid Shahab Ahmed, from Pakistan, is PhD scholar at the University of New England in Australia. He co-authored Attitudes of Teachers in India and Pakistan: Texts and Contexts (New Delhi: WISCOMP 2007). For the last five years, he has been actively engaged in conflict transformation projects at the regional level in South Asia. Correspondence: [emailprotected] com. A madrasa student learns how to read, memorize and recite the Qur’an properly. Madrasas issue certificates of various levels. A madrasa university is called Dar Ul Ulum, (usually having hundreds of students) a primary school, a Maktab, (up to fifty students), and an integrated school with various levels is simply called a madrasa. The graduating students are called Haffiz-ul-Qur’an (those who memorize the Arabic text of the Qur’an) or Qaris (those who can recite Qur’anic verses with proper Arabic pronunciation). Those with advanced theological training are known as Ulema (Religious Scholar). 2 T. Rahman, â€Å"The Madrassa and the State of Pakistan: Religion, Poverty and the Potential for Violence in Pakistan†, HIMAL South Asian (February 2004, Kathmandu). 3 S. J. Burki, â€Å"What we teach and how†, Dawn (May 3, 2005). 4 The following five are recognized as Wafaq/Tanzem ul Madrasi/Rabit ul Madaris or Madrasa umbrella organizations: 1. Wafaq-ul-Madaris Al-Arabia, 2. Tanzeem-ul-Madaris Ahle Sunnat, 3. Wafaq-ul-Madraris Available from http://www. wiscomp. org/peaceprints. htm 1 2 Zahid Shahab Ahmed: Madarsa Peace Prints: South Asian Journal of Peacebuilding, Vol. 2, No. 1: Autumn 2009 branches of Sunni Islam in South Asia, Deobandi and Barelvi, dominate this sector. The doctrinal differences between these schools often seem irreconcilable in an educational setting. For example, the largest group of madrasas belongs to the Barelvi sect, known to be a rigid opponent of the Wahabbi doctrine as propagated by Saudi Arabia, Ahle Hadith/Salafi Muslims have their own schools, as do the Shias. The difference in demographically targeted recruitment and placement between these sects has not been evaluated. In Pakistan, some madrasas turned radical in the early 1980s, due to external influences; a brief analysis of this phenomenon is provided later. Consequently, during the Afghan-Soviet war, a culture of violence got entrenched in some of the madrasas in the country. Syed Nadir El-Edroos argues that â€Å"[a] major contribution to the militancy rampant in madrasas today was made in the 1980s. A s tudy conducted by Patrick Belton shows how textbooks developed at the University of Nebraska-Omaha and published by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) were used to encourage and justify the ‘holy war’ against the Soviets†. Therefore, the changing face of the madrasa and increasing radicalization in Pakistan can be directly traced to Zia-ul-Haqs rule, when the students of the seminaries were indoctrinated with a jihadi ideology and sent to Afghanistan to fight the Soviet occupiers. The same war-hardened zealots were used by Zias military establishment in Indian-occupied Kashmir. 7 With state patronage, madrasas were established throughout the country in an unregulated fashion, leading to an enormous increase in their numbers. Quraishi reports that there are around 10,000 madrasas all over Pakistan, offering free education to over a million children who have been neglected by the government’s failing school system. 8 External and Internal Donors The origin of religious militancy in Pakistan can be traced back to the war against the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan. During that time, American funding and Pakistani assistance promoted the proliferation of a large number of militant Al-Salfia, 4. Wafaq-ul-Madaris Shia, and 5. Rabita-ul-Madaris Al Islamia. There are also recognized individual madrasas, such as the Jamia Islamia Minhaj-ul-Qur’an, Jamia Taleemat-e-Islamia, Jamia Ashrafia, Darul Uloom Mohammadia Ghousia and Darul Uloom of Karachi. 5 S. H. Ali, Islamic Education and Conflict: Understanding the Madrasas of Pakistan, submitted to Oxford University Press for publication (2005). 6 N. El-Edroos, â€Å"Do we Need Madrasas? † Daily the News, Rawalpindi (May 4, 2008). 7 A. Mir, â€Å"Test of will†, Newsline, (August 2005) http://www. newsline. com. pk/NewsAug2005/newsbeataug2005. htm. 8 A. Quraishi, â€Å"Pakistan’s religious schools under fire†, CNN World (2002) http://edition. cnn. om/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/09/13/pakistan. madrasa/index. html. Available from http://www. wiscomp. org/peaceprints. htm 3 Zahid Shahab Ahmed: Madarsa Peace Prints: South Asian Journal of Peacebuilding, Vol. 2, No. 1: Autumn 2009 Islamist groups and madrasas in Pakistan. The USA needed the Islamic fundamentalists to wage jihad against the Soviets in Afghanistan, and thus provided substantial funding to Pakistan, entrusted to its leader at that time, General Zia ul Haq. Owing to their strategic calculations of the times, the governments of Pakistan and the USA neglected the radical ideology and methods employed by the madrasas. All of this resulted in the formation of the Taliban in Afghanistan, and extremists groups in Pakistan, which led to the production and spread of sectarianism and violence as each act of sectarian killing provoked a cycle of revenge killings. Civilian governments failed to curb this violence, either because they lacked the will and the strength to do so, or because they wanted the militants to fight for Pakistans corner in Indian Kashmir. That failure, in turn, allowed the religious militants to flourish and grow in strength. 9 Madrasas are/were mainly funded by the USA and Saudi Arabia. The US government of that time funded an Afghan war against the Soviets, and Saudi Arabia funded anti-Shia Islam in Pakistan. 10 Some local philanthropists also sponsored madrasas. Financial inputs from Zakat and the Islamic ritual of Eid ul Azha can’t be neglected. In principle, Zakat is given directly to the entitled individual beneficiary. However, in case of the madrasas, the quantity of funding is decided on the basis of student enrollment, with funds given not to individual students, but to the manager of the madrasa. This system gives an authority to madrasa officials over the use of Zakat money. The idea of jihad was incorporated into the Pakistani curriculum after the Afghan war. At that point it suited Washington and their most favoured ally, Pakistan, to encourage and glorify the Mujahideen (the ones who perform jihad), or holy warriors. Accordingly, a university in the United States was asked to formulate textbooks for Pakistani schools. After the departure of Soviets from the region, the Mujahideen not only mutated into the Taliban but also outlived their usefulness. So the same American university has been given the task of removing glorified references to the Mujahideen, 11 under the cover of educational reforms. These constantly changing educational interventions have exposed the motives of the United States and have resulted in greater resistance from Pakistanis towards such reforms. Islamic educational institutions have come under intense public scrutiny in recent years because of their perceived linkage to militancy. However, much of the research thus far has relied only on anecdotal accounts and investigative journalism. In particular, Pakistani madrasas have been the focus of much media 9 I. Idris, Pakistan’s Sectarian Menace (2003). http://www. countercurrents. org/ipk-idris210803. tm. M. V. Kamath, â€Å"Pakistan: Eye of the Storm†, The Free Press Journal, (April 27, 2003). 11 Beena Sarwar, â€Å"Jehad and the curriculum†, She Magazine, (March 31, 2004). 10 Available from http://www. wiscomp. org/peaceprints. htm 4 Zahid Shahab Ahmed: Madarsa Peace Prints: South Asian Journal of Peacebuilding, Vol. 2, No. 1: Autumn 2009 coverage. 12 In the aftermath of 9-11, the o verseas Pakistanis were shocked by the news that bombers were identified as British of Pakistani origin. It was also reported that one of the bombers was trained at a Pakistani madrasa. The link between radical madrasas and aggressive behavior against Western interests has also motivated many development agencies (INGOs) to focus interest on madrasa reforms. 13 Some prominent INGOs working on madrasa education/reforms in Pakistan are the Asia Foundation, the International Center for Religion and Diplomacy and the United States Institutes of Peace. Most, if not all, of these INGOs work in collaboration with local partners to implement their projects. Unfortunately, media propaganda has reinforced the link between terrorism and Pakistan’s madrasas, targeting all madrasas. In reality, few studies that have been conducted have found that only a small minority of madrasas are involved in such activities and not all madrasas in Pakistan are poisoning the minds of youth. 14 Perceptions linking madrasas to terrorism arose when some radical groups made inroads into the system of madrasas, following the path laid by the politicization of textbooks and curriculum in public schools. Madrasa reforms are becoming an uphill task for reformists in Pakistan, and a matter of great concern not only for the Pakistani government, but also for governments in neighboring countries. In early 2007, the prayer leader of Lal Masjid (Red Mosque) and head of Jamia Hafsa madrasa, announced the enforcement of Islamic law (Sharia) in the premises of Jamia Fareedia and Jamia Hafsa in Islamabad. At this, the students of Jamia Hafsa, mostly girls, hijacked the Government’s Children Library in Islamabad and warned the government of suicide attacks if any operation against the madrasas was initiated. 15 This was primarily to prevent the government from attempting any madrasa reforms and the demolition of illegally constructed mosques in Islamabad by the Capital Development Authority. Several other incidents since then, like kidnappings and suicide bombings, have been linked to radical elements from the madrasas. 16 However, not all Ulema (religious scholars) supported such activities. In fact, some, belonging to different schools of thought, strongly condemned the acts. 17 Civil society leaders have been angry over the failure of governmental writ in Ali,(2005) op. cit. R. Looney, A U. S. Strategy for Achieving Stability in Pakistan: Expanding Educational Opportunities, Center for Contemporary Conflicts, U. S. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA (2002). 14 R. S. Singer,Pakistan’s Madrasa: Ensuring a System of Education not Jihad, Analysis paper, Brookings Institution, Washington DC (2001). 15 â€Å"Government Warned of Suicide Attacks In Case of Resistance: Qazi Court to Work in Pattern of Panchayat and Jirgas†, Daily Times (April 7, 2007). 16 See, for example, details about a kidnapping by the radicals in â€Å"Punish Criminals, China asks Sherpao: Kidnapping in Islamabad†, Dawn (June 28, 2007). 17 â€Å"Ulema Condemn Kidnapping of Chinese†, The News (June 29, 2007). 13 12 Available from http://www. wiscomp. org/peaceprints. htm 5 Zahid Shahab Ahmed: Madarsa Peace Prints: South Asian Journal of Peacebuilding, Vol. 2, No. 1: Autumn 2009 this particular case of religious extremism in Pakistan. Government authorities, have, for long, been avoiding getting into another conflict by saying that there will be collateral damage in case of any operation. 18 Overall, only 10-15% of the madrasas in Pakistan are found to be affiliated with extremist religious/political groups who have co-opted education for their own need. 19 Pluralism and secularism have been neglected by these radical madrasas in Pakistan, which preach religious extremism and intolerance to the youngsters. The broader agenda of these groups is to propagate religion through the state and to ensure that it continues to dictate what policies are formulated. 20 They believe that the Islamic Republic of Pakistan should and must only follow the principles of Islam, since that was the basis of Pakistan’s ‘national identity’ and the ‘Two Nation Theory’. Nevertheless, madrasas are the only hope of education for children, mostly boys, who would otherwise be deprived of any educational opportunities. Students between the ages of five and twenty-five pay nominal fees of 100 rupees per month (approximately one and a half US dollars). 1 When poor children see their basic needs being fulfilled at the madrasa, it is nearly impossible for them to rebel from the madrasa culture. According to a BBC report, people trained in radical madrasas in Pakistan have also been a part of sectarian violence over the last decade, during which hundreds of Shias and Sunnis have been kil led. 22 Understanding the dynamics of madrasa recruitment, funding sources and curricular differences between sectarian schools is therefore critically important. Influence of Pedagogy and the Environment 23 Curricular content plays a crucial role in influencing young minds. However, pedagogical practices also ensure that students do, in fact, learn what they are intended to learn. The aim of this section is to highlight the significance of the pedagogical practices of the madrasas in consolidating their impact on the beliefs and attitudes of the young students. Individual madrasas decide autonomously what to teach and preach. Many of the madrasas only teach religious subjects to their students, focusing entirely on rote memorization of Arabic texts. This can Ishrat Hyatt, â€Å"Will there be an end to Lal Masjid imbroglio? ,The News (June 6, 2007). Ibid. 20 S. Shah, â€Å"Pakistan’s Madrasas, International Policy Fellowship†, (2004) www. policy. hu/shah/fellowship/proposal. pdf. 21 L. Harding, â€Å"Pupils at schools of hardliners seek war†, (2001) http://www. guardian. co. uk/pakistan/Story/0,2763,554835,00. html. 22 BBC News â€Å"Pakistan’s Islamic Schools in the Spotlight†, (2005) http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/sou th_asia/4683073. stm. 23 The analyses presented in this section is based on information available through secondary sources. 19 18 Available from http://www. wiscomp. rg/peaceprints. htm 6 Zahid Shahab Ahmed: Madarsa Peace Prints: South Asian Journal of Peacebuilding, Vol. 2, No. 1: Autumn 2009 take place to the complete exclusion of basic skills such as simple math, science or geography. 24 As a result, most graduates of these madrasas acquire skills that do not fit well with the job market. One of the central concerns of researchers across the globe in recent years has been the propagation of jihad by radical madrasas, and whether the way these institutions have defined the term is an authentic representation or not. In this debate, some have argued that the madrasas are distorting the meaning of jihad; that they are using Islam as a stepping stone and that since Islam in the Qur’an condemns killing innocent civilians and damaging properties in war, terrorism has no place in Islam. 25 Despite these vociferous claims and equally strong counter claims, research into the attitude and beliefs of students from madrasas has revealed the extent of harm these institutions have inflicted on the minds of many young Pakistani and Afghani boys. A study 26 that gathered the views of madrasa students from Pakistan revealed that a fifteen-year-old Afghan refugee expressed his desire to fight against infidels. Another student expressed hatred against USA and his eagerness to fight against Americans. His classmate articulated a similar sentiment: â€Å"I will dedicate my whole life for jihad. It is compulsory for Muslims. I will kill enemies of Islam†. 27 The definition of Jihad has been distorted by extremists to manipulate young students for their own agendas. This has aggravated conflicts not only between Pakistan and other countries, but also within the country; and has resulted in violence against minorities and conflicts between various sects of Islam. ShiaSunni differences in Pakistan have also been accentuated due to the training youth receive at sectarian madrasas. Pakistani madrasa students with an extremist mission have become primary soldiers in the internal sectarian conflicts that are increasingly turning violent. The appeal of madrasas lies not only in the low costs involved, but also in their pedagogy. Most madrasas go beyond theory and involve youngsters in action, such as protests, lectures and sermons. This is very different from the knowledge students receive in other educational institutions, where pedagogy is restricted to classroom teaching. This practical methodology of training influences students very quickly and gives them a sense of purpose; a feel for ‘doing’. In doing this, Singer (2001) op. cit. See for instance K. Malik, â€Å"Madrisas and enlightened moderation†, Pak Tribune, (September 20, 2005) http://paktribune. com/news/index. php? id=119691. 26 H. Rashid, â€Å"The University of Holy War†, BBC News (October 2, 2003). http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3155112. stm 27 Ibid. 25 24 Available from http://www. wiscomp. org/peaceprints. htm 7 Zahid Shahab Ahmed: Madarsa Peace Prints: South Asian Journal of Peacebuilding, Vol. 2, No. 1: Autumn 2009 radical groups are following the successful model used in communist revolutions across the world, from China to Cuba. As people become increasingly dependent on and integrated within the private social service system provided by these groups, the motivation to remain loyal to the State is diminished. These new, parallel institutions, therefore, become means to mobilize people against the State whenever State policies go against the professed beliefs of the group. Students are often exploited and pitted against authorities, and in the process, they become increasingly radical and violent. The curriculum used in madrasas instills a sense of superiority in the minds of students about Islam. This happens at the cost of the converse — inculcating respect for different belief systems. This results in generating hostility towards people of other religions. The ‘infidels’ are defined, discussed, understood and criticized in madrasas, within the global political frame and in terms of local community relations. This is where sectarian literature becomes instrumental in Pakistani madrasas. Examination of the syllabi and curriculum of the Pakistani madrasas shows that in the name of refutation, potent criticism of other sects and religious minorities, hatred towards other sects, and a siege mentality are imparted, from the very beginning of the schooling. 8 Madrasa Reforms A very well-known Pakistani scholar, Tariq Rahman, says, â€Å"The madrasas are obviously institutions which have a blueprint of society in their mind. What needs explanation is that the madrasas, which were basically conservative institutions before the Afghan-Soviet war, are today both ideologically activist and sometimes militant†. 29 Although the current government, lead by the Pakistan People’s Party is facing numerous challenges, the elect ion manifesto of the Party in 2008 had clearly made a commitment that â€Å"madrasas will be reformed to be madrasas that impart knowledge to children† 30 . The issue of tackling religious extremism or indirectly, the issue of madrasa reforms in Pakistan has been on the agenda of the government. Madrasa reforms in Pakistan were mainly initiated or speeded up with the dawn of the policy or philosophy called ‘enlightened moderation’. This policy was proposed and promoted by President Pervez Musharraf. 31 During the early days, A. Riaz, Global Jihad, Sectarianism and the Madrasas in Pakistan. Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, Singapore (2005). 29 T. Rahman, op. cit. 30 Ibid. 1 Pervez Musharraf , â€Å"Enlightened Moderation† (2004) http://www. presidentofpakistan. gov. pk/ Available from http://www. wiscomp. org/peaceprints. htm 28 8 Zahid Shahab Ahmed: Madarsa Peace Prints: South Asian Journal of Peacebuilding, Vol. 2, No. 1: Autumn 2009 he explained his personal position on it by calling on the Muslim world to end violence, and on western powers (especially the United States of America) to seek to resolve all political disputes with justice and to assist the development of Muslim countries. Even then, many criticized Musharraf’s vision of enlightened moderation. One of the biggest and oldest Islamic political parties of Pakistan, Jamaat-e-Islami (JI) had labeled this vision and its policies as a Western or American propaganda. Leaders of JI also argued that Islam, by nature, is a religion of enlightened moderation, and therefore, doesn’t need any changes directed by the West under the guise of enlightened moderation in Pakistan. President Musharraf envisioned Pakistan to be a progressive, modern and moderate Islamic state, poised to take its place amongst the developed nations of the world. He desired the countrys development not exclusively in the economic sense, but rather in a more holistic manner, including social, cultural and political dimensions. However, this all was done by Musharraf to extend his regime in the country and in response to pressure from Washington. The Government of Pakistan took major steps towards creating an integrated and improved system of national education. This started with the increased allocation of funds in the budget (2003-2004) for universal primary education and literacy, and was intended to strengthen the existing education system and allow new schools to be opened. This it was believed would provide students with an alternative to madrasas. The envisioned program aimed at facilitating the introduction of modern subjects such as English, Mathematics, Pakistan Studies, Social Studies and General Sciences, from the primary to the secondary level. At the intermediate level, English, Economics, Pakistan Studies, and Computer Studies shall be made an integral part of the madrasa curriculum. In total, this program expected to reach some 8000 madrasas. 2 Moreover, the project for the integration of the religious education system with the mainstream general education system aimed at: establishing and strengthening the lines of communication between the madrasas and the government; educating about 800,000 students (male and female) of 8000 madrasas in modern subjects from the primary to the secondary level; enabling them to reach colleges and universities; and also imparting training to 28,000 teachers to improve and update their knowledge of modern subj ects and expose them to modern teaching methods and the use of audio-visual aids. 3 Somewhat related to this, the government intended to eradicate sectarianism and extremism in order to develop a tolerant and friendly atmosphere that is congenial to national cohesion and social harmony. It was hoped that through this new madrasa reform program, the government â€Å"Madrasa reform in Pakistan†, Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Washington DC, USA, (2005). 33 Ibid. Available from http://www. wiscomp. org/peaceprints. htm 32 9 Zahid Shahab Ahmed: Madarsa Peace Prints: South Asian Journal of Peacebuilding, Vol. , No. 1: Autumn 2009 would be able to address the challenges of extremism and sectarianism in Pakistan. The Government of Pakistan, through the Ministry of Education, has also implemented its somewhat ‘secular’ curriculum in the Qur’anic schools and madrasas in Pakistan. It is important to mention that not all Qur’anic schools and madr asas are registered with the Ministry of Education. Efforts are still in progress to register as many madrasas as possible, and to introduce some secular subjects into that type of education system. 4 The debate over reform has primarily limited itself to exposing these religious institutions to non-Islamic/modern disciplines in the madrasa curricula. Since the promulgation of the Pakistan Madrasa Education Board Ordinance of 2001, three model schools were established at Karachi, Sukkur and Islamabad, where subjects like English, Mathematics, Computer Science, Economics, Political Science, Law and Pakistan Studies were taught. However, these model madrasas were not accepted by the majority as they were perceived to be reforms initiated at the behest of the West or the USA. Attendance at these model schools continues to remain low. Pakistani Madrasa Teachers 35 Given this context of attempted reforms, a focused group discussion with madrasa teachers in Baluchistan revealed that while there was willingness among some of the teachers to bring about change in the system, others felt that the problem of radicalization cannot only be attributed to the madrasa curriculum. The blame is to be shared by the society which isolates graduates of the madrasas, leading to a sense of alienation. The students’ level of commitment to learning is another area that needs attention. Some believe that madrasa programs and curricula are highly developed and do not suffer from any major shortcomings. The problem lies in the lack of social acceptance of the students coming out of the madrasa system. The more serious concern is that in madrasas, only 10% of the students are committed to obtaining religious knowledge, while the rest are in the institution for other reasons. Out of the 90% who just live in madrasas and are not committed to religious learning about 55% are there because they don’t want to return to their homes for various reasons, and the remainder are staying for the In Qur’anic schools, children learn by reading Arabic and memorizing the Qur’an. On the other hand, madrasas are of a more academic nature, where children are taught about Islam from the Qur’an and the Hadith (the teachings of Holy Prophet Muhammad, Peace Be Upon Him). Some madrasas have also introduced other subjects such as Science, Math, Social Studies etc. 35 The analysis in this section is based on interviews and focused group discussions with thirty madrasa teachers across the four provinces of Pakistan. It is important to note that most of these teachers do not acquire any formal training in education and receive their own religious education from within the madrasa system. Their monthly salaries vary between USD 30-150. Available from http://www. wiscomp. org/peaceprints. htm 34 10 Zahid Shahab Ahmed: Madarsa Peace Prints: South Asian Journal of Peacebuilding, Vol. 2, No. 1: Autumn 2009 food and shelter they get or because their parents are unable to afford their formal school education. Of the 10% who are there for religious teachings, only 1% possess the intellectual capacity to grasp the religious teachings. 36 Generally, madrasas are associated with people who are perceived as backward and who are not aware of scientific progress. This is one of the major reasons that reforms have looked to remove the fear of exposure to newer ideas, using teaching of modern/non-Islamic subjects. In this regard, a teacher from Baluchistan mentioned that one of the biggest challenges he faces as an English teacher is to convince his students about the utility of the subject. Most of his students believe that by learning Islam, they will go to heaven. A similar motive for learning English is absent and they are not convinced that learning English is important. While in some of the other countries religious institutions are engaged in social work, madrasas in Pakistan have not been too involved in other kinds of social activities besides imparting education. For instance, some temples in India offer medical services in the form of inoculation campaigns, and are willing to allow the government to use their premises for creating awareness on health issues. While madrasa teachers appreciate such social engagement, their primary concern continues to be curricular reform. They stress the importance of translating certain important and relevant books from English into Urdu for their students. Most of them are open to accepting any contextually relevant change in their education system. The purpose of these reforms, in the view of the teachers, is that students who graduate from madrasas acquire the relevant skills to participate actively in the development of Pakistan. Madrasas are open to embracing new changes, especially with regard to the introduction of new/modern disciplines into their curricula. However, they do demand trained and skilled teachers to teach those subjects. There are examples of madrasas now offering and encouraging their students to pursue higher education in other institutions, but the disciplines continue to remain closely associated to the core madrasa education Islamic Studies, Arabic and Persian. There are some exceptions to this general approach towards madrasa reforms. For example, the United Nations mandated University for Peace, Costa Rica has developed a peace education curriculum in the Islamic context (for madrasas). 37 The curriculum was developed in consultation with Islamic scholars, from 20052007. So far several South Asian madrasas, mostly from Pakistan and Bangladesh, have committed to integrating that curriculum into their existing 36 37 An observation made by one of the madrasa teachers at the FGD. See www. upeace. org. Available from http://www. wiscomp. org/peaceprints. htm 11 Zahid Shahab Ahmed: Madarsa Peace Prints: South Asian Journal of Peacebuilding, Vol. 2, No. 1: Autumn 2009 courses. Another example is Project L. I. G. H. T. (Learning Islamic Guidance for Human Tolerance), which was developed by a team of faculty and students from the Graduate School of Islamic and Social Sciences in Leesburg. The main goal of this project is to empower ordinary members of the Muslim community through education on Islam’s fundamental messages of tolerance, inclusiveness and peaceful coexistence for all people, and on personal skills to identify and address bigotry and discrimination. This project hasn’t reached most of the global south yet, but lessons could be learned and content could be taken from such models. 38 However, madrasa reform will require an equal focus on teachers’ training along with curricular reform. One example of an institution attempting steps in this direction is the Dawah Academy of the International Islamic University in Pakistan, which offers professional courses to Imams, community leaders, new Muslims, etc. both at the national and international levels. 9 The Institute of Policy Studies (IPS) 40 in Islamabad has collaborated with the Dawah Academy and is organizing seminars and workshops for madrasa teachers in Pakistan, with a focus on the psychology of education, pedagogy, peace education, tolerance, interfaith dialogue and harmony. Similarly, the International Center for Religion and Diplomacy and the United States Institute of Peace are also working towards imparting training to madrasa teachers in Pakistan. Institutional infrastructure and facilities are another area that needs immediate attention if the madrasas are to achieve their desired objective of imparting religious and secular education. Proper buildings, well equipped classrooms, lights, black/white boards, attractive textbooks etc. , will need to be provided to many of these madrasas. Future Directions This paper has attempted to flag some concerns about madrasa reform in Pakistan. Before any reform policy can be successfully implemented, there will be a need to further explore how the government can ensure the effective monitoring of this sector of education. Presently, madrasa reform programs are limited to merely registering these Islamic schools with the governmental authorities. What are some of the codes of ethics that will be acceptable to both the government and the madrasa administrators? What processes of accountability can be established, that ascertain a constant flow of communication between the authorities and the madrasas? What are some of the 38 39 For Project L. I. G. H. T. documents see http://www. upeace. org/system/cap/index. cfm? pagina=490. See http://www. awahacademy. org/. 40 See www. ips. org. pk. Available from http://www. wiscomp. org/peaceprints. htm 12 Zahid Shahab Ahmed: Madarsa Peace Prints: South Asian Journal of Peacebuilding, Vol. 2, No. 1: Autumn 2009 steps that can be taken to ensure that students currently enrolled in madrasas come out of their isolated state and are more consciously integrated with children in other schools? Based on discussions with all stakeholders in the process, can the government come out with an action plan that maps the process of reforms? Looking beyond national solutions, are there innovative solutions that other countries in the South Asian region can contribute to the reform process in Pakistan? Are there lessons to be learnt from other contexts, for example, from Bangladesh and Indonesia? These are some of the questions researchers could investigate. To conclude, there is no denying the fact that madrasa reforms are crucial for the development and progress of Pakistan, because graduates of most madrasas (despite going to school for eight years) have no understanding of important subjects like Economics, Science, or Computing. While this may not have been a serious concern few decades ago, in the current context, such restricted education may not serve the development needs of the nation. Nevertheless, the sustainability of the madrasa reform process will depend, in part, on political will, and partly on the success of poverty alleviation efforts. Available from http://www. wiscomp. org/peaceprints. htm 13